International Crowd Management Conference
Reno, Nevada
November 11, 2002
Crowd Management Planning
presented by:
Larry B. Perkins, CCP
RBC Center
Raleigh, NC
Welcome:
Crowd Engineering Model:
* Risk Management Components Section "A"
* Shaping Crowd Behavior Section "B"
* Developing an Event Plan Section "C"
* The Four Critical Periods for Injures and Death Section "D"
* Design Training for Crowd Managers Section "E"
* Facility/Event use Policies & Procedure Section "F"
* Action Plan Section "G"
Objective:
Provide "structure" to Crowd Management Planning for the protection of life and property
Manage Crowds, not control
* Duty of Care
* Breach of Duty
* Actual Cause
* Proximate Cause
* Damages
Focus on Duty of Care
Risk Management Components – Section A
* Risk avoidance, reduction, transfer and assumption
* Emergency Evacuation Procedures
* Policies and Procedures
* Crisis Management
* Life Safety Evaluations conducted at least annually or earlier upon facility
alterations.
* Bomb Threat Procedures
* Day of Event Cancellation Procedures
* Alcohol Management
* SSTF "Best Practice"
* Safety Program
* Emergency Evacuation Procedures & Drills
* Mutual Aide Agreements
* Facility Maintenance Program
* Crowd Management
* Crowd Control Procedures
* Emergency Vendor Service Agreement (supplies & parts)
* Medical and Hospital Services
* Public Relations (reputation & image)
* Event Cleaning Services
* Annual Maintenance Program
* Training Program; Annual In-Service and ongoing Training
* Facility & Property Usage Rules and Regulations
* Air Space Regulations
* Labor Relations
* Operating Procedures
* Rental Agreements
* Annual Life Safety Evaluation
* Waste Management & Sanitation Program
Shaping Crowd Behavior – Section B
* Time
* Space
* Energy
* Information
Other Influences on Crowd Behavior
* Crowd Situation
* Public Setting
* Group Involvement
* One on One Communications Difficulty
* Uninhibited Customers
* No Standard of Behavior
* Alcohol Consumption
* Safety and Security Role
Developing an Event Plan – Section C
Effective Crowd Management Techniques
1. Investigate
* Gather Information
* Who's coming
* Who's the promoter
* What are our needs
* What are their needs
* Who will need to be involved
2. Analyze
* Capacity to Put on the Event
* Time of the Day, Day of Week, Month of Year
* History of Event
* Demographics
* Expertise of Staff
* Resources and Equipment
* What's at Stake-Risks
3. Plan
* Advance planning, testing of emergency planning, and swift response
* Written Procedures
* Chain of Command
* Assess staffing levels
* Assess Vulnerability
* Identify Critical areas and operational components
4. Communicate
* To the decision makers
* To staff; meeting, pre-event briefings
* To promoter
* To neighbours
* To community and emergency Services
* To Highway and Road Authorities
5. Execute
* Determine the Facility, Event and Staff Readiness
* Put the in motion
6. Supervise
* Monitor the crowd dynamics and the established disciples
* Look for negative variances in the plan
* Observe the Staff Execution
7. Adjust
* Respond to those negative variables and take corrective measures to counteract those negative disciplines
8. Critique
* Assess the plan applied and set new disciples where needed.
The Four Critical Periods for Injures and Death – Section D
* Ingress
* Egress
* Protest
* Celebration
Design Training for Crowd Managers – Section E
* 1/250 NFPA ratio
* Who are Crowd Managers*
* IAAM Crowd Assembly Facilitator (CAF)
The Nine Training Components
* Training
* Assist guests
* Implement facility/event policies and procedures
* Risk management
* Crowd dynamics management
* Knowledge of event and facilities
* Conflict identification & mitigation
* Perform communication function
* Major emergency response
Example – Crowd Dynamics Management
* Adjust to crowd demographics
* Anticipate crowd activities and behavior
* Maintain the usability of means of egress
* Make guests aware of their responsibilities
* Observe crowd for potential problems
* Monitor flow of crowd for duration of event
* Recognize potential crowd crush
* Report potential crowd problems to supervisor
* Identify changing crowd behavior and demeanor
Training Topics and Levels
Crowd Assembly Facilitators – Level I
A. Classroom Orientation & Training Components
* Alcohol Management
* Crowd Management and crowd control
* Event planning
* Crowd assembly facilitator
* Disabled guest sensitivity
* Facility policy & procedures
* Rules and regulations governing use of the property
* Ticketing policy & scalping laws
* Report writing
* Uniform, communication and equipment procedures and care
* Legal powers
* Emergency evacuation procedures
* Conflict mitigation and resolution
* Day of event cancellation procedures
* Medical services
* Personal inquiries or illness procedures
* Employee parking, identification, facility access and restrictions
* Facilities Mission
B. Initial On-the-Job Process
* Event briefing
* Introductory
* Post Assignment
* Personal break procedures
* Facility layout
* Communications & Equipment
* Emergency procedures
C. In-Service Training
* Departmental training
* Day of event evacuation drills
* Seasonal kick-off conference
* Special sessions
Crowd Assembly Facilitator Supervisor – Level II
A. Classroom Course
* Supervisor's role
* Risk management
* Fire safety & equipment operations
* Bomb threat procedures
* CPR
* Crowd dynamics
* Payroll and time entry procedures
* Courtroom procedures
* Customer satisfaction program (If you have one)
* Case studies
* Duty of Care
B. Initial On-the-Job Training
* Event operations and crowd management
* Facility survey
* Supervisors briefing
* Equipment assignment
* Employee roster
* Facility inspection
* Facility, Event and Staff Readiness
Facility/Event use Policies and Procedure – Section F
* Facility
* Employee
* Guests
* Tenant
Federal, State and Local Ordinances and NFPA 101
* Occupancy Loads for your Facility
* Flow Rate
* Safety Compliance
* Inspection Requirements
Action Plan – Section G
1. Establish a Crowd Management Committee
2. Evaluations
* Conduct Life Safety Evaluations at annually or earlier if you make
changes to your facility or procedures
* Conduct a "Best Practice" Security Analysis (Levels and Protocols)
Summary of Objective:
* Our objective for this session was to provide "structure" to
Crowd Management Planning for the protection of life and property
Section A – Risk Management
Section B – Four Elements of shaping Crowd Behavior
Section C – Eight Steps to Event Planning
Section D – The Four Critical Periods for Injures and Death
Section E – Components and levels of training for Crowd
Facilitator's:
Section F - Facility/Event use Policies and Procedure
Section G – Action Plan
11/02 - Dr. Gerhard Feltl, Universität Salzburg